香蕉，你最爱吃的水果可能再也吃差不多了

rted into vast Gros Michel plantations.

菠萝本身就具有一种最相当大的表型弱点，早在1960年，“大杰夫”作为相当多的菠萝树种被最常用以商业作物。它深受到了西方消费者的欢迎并且发展出有了前所未有的该单一树种的零售业，数万公顷的拉美热带雨林都换成了大杰夫菠萝的作物园。

But Big Mike’s popularity led to its doom, when a pandemic whipped through these plantations during the 1950s and ‘60’s. A fungal disease called Fusarium wilt or Panama disease nearly wiped out the Gros Michel and brought the global banana export industry to the brink of collapse. A soilborne pathogen was to blame: The fungus Fusarium oxysporum f.sp. cubense (Foc) infected the plants’ root and vascular system. Unable to transport water and nutrients, the plants wilted and died.

但是随着之后50六十年代和60六十年代的大范围结核病肆虐作物园，大杰夫菠萝逐渐走向了开端。一种被称为哥伦比亚的寄生虫病原使大杰夫菠萝濒临灭绝，给最初的全球菠萝过境零售业带到了负债的边缘。一种叫寄生虫尖孢镰刀菌的土壤可用的流感病毒被并不认为是罪魁祸首，它能感染者真菌的根和甲状腺系统，使其无法输送水和营养而加剧作物物干枯和死亡。

Fusarium wilt is very difficult to control—it spreads easily in soil, water and infected planting material. Fungicide applications in soil or in the plant’s stem are as of yet ineffective. Moreover, the fungus can persist in the soil for several decades, thus prohibiting replanting of susceptible banana plants.

这种干枯病很难纵-它很容可避免在土壤，水以及深受感染者的真菌中会传布，即使是适用可深入土壤和根茎的斩杀寄生虫剂也无济于事。更英雄人物的是，这种寄生虫必须一直存留在土壤里长近数十年，使得那些可避免深受感染者的菠萝作物难以为继。

Is history repeating itself?

Cendish bananas are resistant to those devastating Fusarium wilt Race 1 strains, so were able to replace the Gros Michel when it fell to the disease. Despite being less rich in taste and logistical challenges involved with merchandising this fruit to international markets at an acceptable quality, Cendish eventually replaced Gros Michel in commercial banana plantations. The entire banana industry was restructured, and to date, Cendish accounts for 47 percent of the bananas grown worldwide and 99 percent of all bananas sold commercially for export to developed countries.

恐怕近原是代是一场投生？

然而卡文迪许菠萝却必须免深受那些干枯病寄生虫的触犯而替代拉到下来的大杰夫。尽管色泽稍微淡了一些，但是随着商业化的物流仿效和相对能接深受的质需求量使得它事与愿违取代大杰夫已是国际市场上的新宠。整个菠萝零售业被重塑，如今，卡文迪许树种的菠萝市场占到21世纪所有菠萝的47%，而99%的菠萝都过境到发展国家。

But the Cendish unfortunately has its own weaknesses—most prominently susceptibility to a disease called Black Sigatoka. The fungus Pseudocercospora fijiensis attacks the plants’ lees, causing cell death that affects photosynthesis and leads to a reduction in fruit production and quality. If Black Sigatoka is left uncontrolled, banana yields can decline by 35 to 50 percent.

但不幸的是，卡文迪许菠萝也有自身的缺陷-最相当大的；还有对灰叶斑病的可避免感染者性上。这种被称为假尾孢菌归入得寄生虫必须毁损真菌的茎叶，加剧细胞死亡，影响正常的光合作用，事与愿违加剧蜂蜜增产和质需求量增高。如果灰叶斑病无法受益适当操纵，菠萝的产需求量时会增高35-50个估。

Cendish growers currently manage Black Sigatoka through a combination of pruning infected lees and applying fungicides. Yearly, it can take 50 or more applications of chemicals to control the disease. Such hey use of fungicides has negative impacts on the environment and the occupational health of the banana workers, and increases the costs of production. It also helps select for survival the strains of the fungus with higher levels of resistance to these chemicals: As the resistant strains become more prevalent, the disease gets harder to control over time.

卡文迪许菠萝的作物者们目前准备通过正因如此深受感染者的茎叶和应用斩杀寄生虫剂的方式处理灰叶斑病，而每年用来操纵寄生虫结核病的化学斩杀菌剂需求量增大了50个估甚至更多。如此大需求量地适用斩杀寄生虫剂不仅对环境随之而来消极性的影响，而且也给作物园里的工人的身体状况随之而来了隐患并增大了作业的开销。同时，这也帮助那些寄生虫提高了抗性，预计，当它们的抗性变得日益最常的时候，这种寄生虫结核病将非常难以控住住。

To further aggrate the situation, Cendish is also now under attack from a recently emerged strain of Fusarium oxysporum, known as Tropical Race 4 (TR4.) First identified in the early 1990s in Taiwan, Malaysia and Indonesia, TR4 has since spread to many Southeast Asian countries and on into the Middle East and Africa. If TR4 makes it to Latin America and the Caribbean region, the export banana industry in that part of the world could be in big trouble.

而最近出有原是的一个新的尖孢镰刀菌的树种，学称黄叶病热带第4型，简称“TR4”，给卡文迪许菠萝随之而来更严峻的挑战。这种致病最早是在1990年的高雄，马来西亚和爪哇被注意到的，直到如今TR4致病扩展到了许多东南亚国家，甚至中会东和非洲。如果TR4被传布到南美和加勒比地区的话，当地的菠萝过境零售业将时会碰上烦。

Cendish varieties he shown little if any resistance against TR4. Growers are relying on temporary solutions—trying to prevent it from entering new regions, using clean planting materials and limiting the transfer of potentially infected soil between farms.

如果有任何作法必须反抗TR4的话，卡文迪许或许还有一线生机，作物者正依靠临时的作法-正当TR4离开新的地区，适用干净的作物方法以及受限制潜在的深受感染者的土壤在作物园之间传布。

Black Sigatoka and Panama disease both cause serious production losses and are difficult to control. With the right monitoring in place to rapidly intervene and halt their spread, the risks and damage imposed by these diseases can be considerably reduced, as has been recently shown in Australia. But current practices don’t provide the durable solution that’s urgently needed.

灰叶斑病和哥伦比亚病原都造给菠萝生产随之而来不堪重负的损失而且难以操纵。根据最近在澳大利亚的科学研究问到，通过合理的检测和及时的干扰和正当病原必须适当地减少这些病原随之而来的风险，但是目前基本上没有一个适当和持续性的彻底解决功能必须在应急但会派上用场。

Getting started on banana genetic research

If there’s a lesson to be learned from the sad history of Gros Michel, it’s that reliance on a large and genetically uniform monoculture is a risky strategy that is prone to failure. To reduce the vulnerability to diseases, we need more genetic diversity in our cultivated bananas.

从大杰夫的英雄人物中会我们才吸取教训展开关于菠萝DNA表型的科学研究，因此我们才注意到作物单一的菠萝树种是一个及其危险的策略，如果想要减少对病原的可避免感染者性，我们需要增大作物菠萝的树种自然。

Over a thousand species of banana he been recorded in the wild. Although most do not he the desired agronomic characteristics—such as high yields of seedless, nonacidic fruits with long shelf life—that would make them a direct substitute for the Cendish, they are an untapped genetic resource. Scientists could search within them for resistance genes and other desirable traits to use in engineering and breeding programs.

被记录在案的野生菠萝树种有约一千多种，尽管大多数的树种都等同于农业作物的条件，但是有一种保值期极短的无籽无酸类菠萝却可以已是潜在的卡文迪许菠萝的替代品，它们身上有着还未被完全开发的DNA表型天然资源，科学研究小组们可以从这类树种中会提取一些抗病原DNA或者其他的DNA特质来用以菠萝的期许和开发工程建设。

To date, though, there’s been little effort and insufficient funding for collecting, protecting, characterizing and utilizing wild banana genetic material. Consequently, while almost every other crop used for food production has been significantly improved through plant breeding over the last century, the banana industry has yet to benefit from genetics and plant breeding.

尽管迄今为止投入到用来提取，保护措施和透过野生菠萝的DNA天然资源的进展基本上严重不足，但结果却是，在只不过的一个世纪里，其它用以食用的农小麦作物都通过期许目的大为地改善了产需求量，比如说地，菠萝作物零售业也一样可以从中会获益。

But we he started taking the first steps. We now know the genome sequences of the banana and the fungi that cause Fusarium wilt and Sigatoka. These studies helped illuminate some of the molecular mechanisms by which these fungal pathogens cause disease in the banana. That knowledge provides a basis for identifying disease-resistant genes in wild and cultivated bananas.

但我们早就推手有了脚步，如今我们早就知道了菠萝和惹来干枯病和灰叶斑病的寄生虫的DNA组碱基。这适度我们认识这些惹来病原的寄生虫流感病毒的结构上分子结构功能，顺便也提供一个得以确定在野生菠萝和人工作物菠萝上发生的抗病原的根基。

Researchers now he the tools to identify resistance genes in wild bananas or other plant species. Then they can use classical plant breeding or genetic engineering to transfer those genes into desired cultivars. Scientists can also use these tools to further study the dynamics and evolution of banana pathogens in the field, and monitor changes in their resistance to fungicides.

科学研究工作人员原是早就有了确定野生菠萝和其他小麦树种身上的反抗DNA的方法，接下来他们将透过定格的农小麦期许目的和DNA工程建设把那些DNA转移到前提期许树种上。科学研究小组也可以透过这些方法更进一步地认识菠萝流感病毒的活动和进化过程，检测它们在抗性上的变化。

Availability of the latest tools and detailed genome sequences, coupled with long-term visionary research in genetics, engineering and plant breeding, can help us keep abreast of the pathogens that are currently menacing the Cendish banana. Ultimately we need to increase the pool of genetic diversity in cultivated bananas so we’re not dependent on single clones such as the Cendish or the Gros Michel before it. Otherwise we remain at risk of history repeating itself.

随着最近的一些方法和详细的DNA测序工程建设的出有原是，可以预见，在未来，DNA工程建设和农小麦期许能帮助我们非常认识从前对卡文迪许菠萝构成威胁的流感病毒。事与愿违我们需要增大人工作物菠萝的树种的自然，像大杰夫那样极为倚赖单一树种的作物是却说的，那样只时会重蹈近原是代的覆辙。

来源《newsweek》

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